Saturday, 31 October 2009
Dinner & Drinks
Yesterday our fourth-year students and members of staff (Ahmed, Christina, Eirlys, Karen, Kohei, Santi, Simon, Stuart) went out for dinner at Imans, followed by drinks at a pub (or two?). We all had a GREAT time!! Special thanks to the students who organized such a lovely event.
Monday, 26 October 2009
Lehman and the Financial Crisis
In a recent article in The Washington Post, John Cochrane and Luigi Zingales, both from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, wrote about the collapse of Lehman Brothers, its bail out by the Federal Reserve and the ensuing financial crisis. In the article, they argue that those who believe that the Fed should have not intervened are wrong. But not for the standard reasons, not because of its enormous costs to the government budget. Banks now, they claim, know that they will be bailed out in the future. That will fuel more irresponsible behavior, that the Fed, so far, has been uncapable to deter. "A system with so much power vested in so few people, with so few rules, in which crises are managed with 2 a.m. conference calls, cannot possibly do better," they say. Cochrane and Zingales predict that the next crisis will be so global and so systemic that no government effort will be enough to avert it. "This system cannot go on," they conclude, in an unparalleled bold statement.
Friday, 23 October 2009
Do you fancy working in trading?
BP is one of the largest traders of oil and gas in the world. Their traders analyse, investigate, interpret information, monitor markets and make decisions that help bring energy to the world.
So what is it like to work in trading?
BP is giving you an opportunity to find out by playing their online Trading Game, which is open to new registrations from 5 October. They say that the game will give you an insight into the dynamic and fast-paced world of commodity trading, where you will use their market analysis to trade live futures prices.
bptradinggame.com
So what is it like to work in trading?
BP is giving you an opportunity to find out by playing their online Trading Game, which is open to new registrations from 5 October. They say that the game will give you an insight into the dynamic and fast-paced world of commodity trading, where you will use their market analysis to trade live futures prices.
bptradinggame.com
Thursday, 22 October 2009
Morgan Stanley Presentation
Interested in studying abroad next year?
We have arranged a small reception on Thursday 29th October in the Economics office (31 BP, first floor right) at 5pm to allow you to chat to students who studied abroad last year. Even if they went to a different university to the one that you're interested in, it'll still be useful to hear about their experiences, so do come along.
We're still working on the final list of universities that we'll allow you to go to but we plan to have it ready for that meeting.
We're still working on the final list of universities that we'll allow you to go to but we plan to have it ready for that meeting.
Wednesday, 21 October 2009
Morgan Stanley give prizes to our Economics students
Morgan Stanley came to the School of Economics today and gave out certificates and Amazon vouchers to the three best performers in each of the first and second year Economics courses and over the whole of Junior and Senior Honours last year.
Here's a photo of our Head of School greeting the visitors - I'll post more photos tomorrow.
It's an ongoing thing - see the photo on the noticeboard behind them.
Friday, 16 October 2009
FAO Economics 1A Students
What follows is an Economics 1a blog (the Eco 1A blog site was disabled a while back)
I continue the intercourse I was having with Pietro during last Monday's lecture.
We both agreed on Berlusconi's eccentricities (euphemistically put) but what of his image as a tax cutting free marketeer? And I wonder what has actually happened to taxes in particular and the Italian economy in general over the last ten years?
The tax take as a % of GDP has varied little showing just a slight rise. In 2000 it was just over 40% and in 2008 stood at around 43%. Some of the rise came from fiscal drag which Italy has famously exploited in the past (fiscal drag is where personal tax allowances are not uprated to allow for inflation so that in real terms you start paying taxes at the basic rate of 23% at lower levels of earnings).
GDP growth per capita has been around about 0.5% and quite poor by historical standards.
Inflation has been steady at around 2.5% (yawn)
What about debt? Not good this one. The debt to GDP ratio has been hovering around the 100% mark this decade (and you thought the UK was bad!) but has grown alarmingly to nearly 110% recently because of the recession.
Unemployment? High by EU standards but falling through the noughties - in 2001 it was just over 9% and in 2008 just over 6%. Perhaps this is the one thing that has changed over the Berlusconi tenure.
But in terms of concrete macro policies what has been implemented?
Well not much - but that's Italy for you. Some Berlusconi policies such as the raising of the retirment age were reversed by Prodi in 06-07. Berlusconi did manage to ease labour market hiring and firing restrictions for new workers but we should be careful before we ascribe the fall in unemployment to this.
In the recent elections he promised to cut tax rates on labour by 1% per year each year (I presume for no more than 23 years!). But his latest fiscal plan commits to increase the tax burden on labour (as a % of earnings) not decrease it.
So what should he do now?
Would it be wise to cut labour taxes now? Well there could be justification for a short term "fiscal" boost on account of the recession (Simon Clark will be lecturing soon about government policy when aggregate demand gets stuck at too low a level to allow full employment) but as noted above debt to GDP is high and growing at an alarming rate. Interestingly even though Italy is in the Euro area - an area where supposedly all governments can borrow at a common interest rate - it is actually having to pay a third of a percent more on new debt issued than Germany does.
There could be long run and permanent effects to output from permanent labour tax cuts but in an economy where these rates are "so-so" the extent and existence of these effects have been difficult to establish.
It might be argued therefore that tax cuts now will generate debtas later. We would be transferring income from future generations to the current one. Given the projections for pensions for future generations compared with the current cohort I am not so sure this would be fair. Then again as the economy grows, future generations do tend to be better off than current ones. Whatever you do on taxes you have to keep an eye on that potentially spiralling debt.
To sum up, I think there have been very few changes in economy policy brought into effect in Italy over the last ten years. Perhaps in the context of Italian politics the best thing a politician can do for his/her country is nothing!
What follows is an Economics 1a blog (the Eco 1A blog site was disabled a while back)
I continue the intercourse I was having with Pietro during last Monday's lecture.
We both agreed on Berlusconi's eccentricities (euphemistically put) but what of his image as a tax cutting free marketeer? And I wonder what has actually happened to taxes in particular and the Italian economy in general over the last ten years?
The tax take as a % of GDP has varied little showing just a slight rise. In 2000 it was just over 40% and in 2008 stood at around 43%. Some of the rise came from fiscal drag which Italy has famously exploited in the past (fiscal drag is where personal tax allowances are not uprated to allow for inflation so that in real terms you start paying taxes at the basic rate of 23% at lower levels of earnings).
GDP growth per capita has been around about 0.5% and quite poor by historical standards.
Inflation has been steady at around 2.5% (yawn)
What about debt? Not good this one. The debt to GDP ratio has been hovering around the 100% mark this decade (and you thought the UK was bad!) but has grown alarmingly to nearly 110% recently because of the recession.
Unemployment? High by EU standards but falling through the noughties - in 2001 it was just over 9% and in 2008 just over 6%. Perhaps this is the one thing that has changed over the Berlusconi tenure.
But in terms of concrete macro policies what has been implemented?
Well not much - but that's Italy for you. Some Berlusconi policies such as the raising of the retirment age were reversed by Prodi in 06-07. Berlusconi did manage to ease labour market hiring and firing restrictions for new workers but we should be careful before we ascribe the fall in unemployment to this.
In the recent elections he promised to cut tax rates on labour by 1% per year each year (I presume for no more than 23 years!). But his latest fiscal plan commits to increase the tax burden on labour (as a % of earnings) not decrease it.
So what should he do now?
Would it be wise to cut labour taxes now? Well there could be justification for a short term "fiscal" boost on account of the recession (Simon Clark will be lecturing soon about government policy when aggregate demand gets stuck at too low a level to allow full employment) but as noted above debt to GDP is high and growing at an alarming rate. Interestingly even though Italy is in the Euro area - an area where supposedly all governments can borrow at a common interest rate - it is actually having to pay a third of a percent more on new debt issued than Germany does.
There could be long run and permanent effects to output from permanent labour tax cuts but in an economy where these rates are "so-so" the extent and existence of these effects have been difficult to establish.
It might be argued therefore that tax cuts now will generate debtas later. We would be transferring income from future generations to the current one. Given the projections for pensions for future generations compared with the current cohort I am not so sure this would be fair. Then again as the economy grows, future generations do tend to be better off than current ones. Whatever you do on taxes you have to keep an eye on that potentially spiralling debt.
To sum up, I think there have been very few changes in economy policy brought into effect in Italy over the last ten years. Perhaps in the context of Italian politics the best thing a politician can do for his/her country is nothing!
Thursday, 15 October 2009
New IMF Blog
The UoEdinburgh Economics blog is not the only good economics blog. If you are interested in global economics issues, take a look at a new IMF blog at http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/ Recent posts include: a performance comparion between Islamic and conventional banks during the financial crisis; Middle eaastern oil exporters and the crisis; and IMF governance reform. As with other blogs (apart of course from our own) readers should be intelligently sceptical - posts on the IMF blog are unlikely to be highly critical of the IMF!
Wednesday, 14 October 2009
Have they lost the plot? What should be the mandate of the Nobel Committee?
Lot of people consider the Nobel prize the pinnacle of professional achievement in science. It is has a truly world-wide reputation and laymen take it at face value. This reputation can be lost, however. The committee has no international legitimacy, it is a strictly Swedish affair. What confers credibility is process: they collect information and opinions from around the world. There can be long debates about what the exact procedure for selection should be. Some people are in favour of pure bibliometric exercises, like citation counts. Others think that it should be the representative opinion of academics in the field. Yet others, that it should be based on impact on society. All of these are valid options and the optimal solution is probably a mixture of them. As the criteria are not fully clear, there is a lot of room for the Swedish academicians to steer the choices towards their personal preferences. But there is a limit. When they decide that their job is not to aggregate opinion, rather to propagate their own by honouring a person who is unknown in the profession and has had no measurable impact on society, they lose their legitimacy. The prize becomes one representing the Swedish Academy, no longer the entire humanity. It would be a pity. I have dreamed about getting the Nobel prize but my children probably won’t (though they are smarter than me).
Computer software for .ac.uk users
If you are a Micro$oft Windows user and you're considering upgrading to Windows 7, you can buy a student version for £30 - instead of £79.99 (it's also available to staff).
Go to http://www.microsoft.com/uk/education/studentoffer/default.aspx
Please note that we are not promoting Micro$oft here, merely letting you know that this deal is available to .ac.uk email account holders - other operating systems are available: BSD, Darwin (Mac OS X), Linux, SunOS (Solaris/OpenSolaris).
Go to http://www.microsoft.com/uk/education/studentoffer/default.aspx
Please note that we are not promoting Micro$oft here, merely letting you know that this deal is available to .ac.uk email account holders - other operating systems are available: BSD, Darwin (Mac OS X), Linux, SunOS (Solaris/OpenSolaris).
Tuesday, 13 October 2009
Mugshots of Economics at Edinburgh
We were asked a while ago for momentos relating to studying Economics at Edinburgh so we've had some Economics mugs created.
They're available from the Economics UG Office for £4.
Hoodies and Tshirts are coming soon...
They're available from the Economics UG Office for £4.
Hoodies and Tshirts are coming soon...
Monday, 12 October 2009
GES Sandwich Student Placements
One of our graduates emailed us to let us know that the GES is advertising for placement students for next year.
These placements are for a full year and would mean that you have to apply for (and be granted) a year out between third and fourth year, but we would support your request for this to College. They are also very competitive so you need to be confident of getting a 2:1 or a 1st to even consider applying.
The GES run a Summer Placement scheme too - further info about summer 2010 placements is due to become available in December and we'll publish the information when we receive it.
The opening date for this round of applications is Friday 9 October, and the closing date for receipt of applications is Friday 16 October 2009.
Our contact has said that he is willing to help with advice on how to prepare, either on the economics or general competency side. He'll email you some hints on interview structure and success. Let me know if you want to take him up on this and I'll forward your email onto him (Economics.SSO@ed.ac.uk).
http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/networks/professional/ges/students/ssp.aspx
These placements are for a full year and would mean that you have to apply for (and be granted) a year out between third and fourth year, but we would support your request for this to College. They are also very competitive so you need to be confident of getting a 2:1 or a 1st to even consider applying.
The GES run a Summer Placement scheme too - further info about summer 2010 placements is due to become available in December and we'll publish the information when we receive it.
The opening date for this round of applications is Friday 9 October, and the closing date for receipt of applications is Friday 16 October 2009.
Our contact has said that he is willing to help with advice on how to prepare, either on the economics or general competency side. He'll email you some hints on interview structure and success. Let me know if you want to take him up on this and I'll forward your email onto him (Economics.SSO@ed.ac.uk).
http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/networks/professional/ges/students/ssp.aspx
Thursday, 8 October 2009
Selfish basterds: On rationality in Economics (II)
Before proceeding any further, we need to define what does it mean to be rational from an economic perspective. We will say that an agent is rational if this agent takes actions that maximize his expected pay-off from the set of available actions to him, and given the beliefs that he holds about the consequences of these actions (no matter how wrong they can be). That is basically what it means to be rational. It seems a very natural, powerful and simple idea. But then, why do non-economists protest so angrily against this assumption?
I think that the main reason for this is that they are confounding an assumption with an ontological proposition about human nature. Economists do not postulate that people are always rational. Nor that humans are only selfish or materialistic or care only about money. In this post I would like to clarify that rationality is just that, an assumption. In the next one, I will explain why it is not as stupid as journalists relish so much to say.
In "The Methodology of Positive Economics," the leading chapter of Essays in Positive Economics (1953), Milton Friedman argued that it is not important whether humans are actually rational or not. What is important is whether they behave like rational beings, so the rationality assumption can be used fruitfully to explain behaviour. He made the analogy with the study of how leaves locate in the branches of trees. The tree may not truly grow them to maximize exposure to sunlight, but if they behave as if it did, then it is a powerful assumption to make in our study of trees. That is the principle that should guide us in the use of the rationality assumption.
It is true that sometimes economists have jumped into the void of wishful thinking, and postulated that human nature (in case such a thing exists) corresponds to the one of a rational, narrowly-minded, materialistic being. Many market-triumphalists have done that (not Friedman, interestingly enough), and policy prescriptions sometimes have suffered from an abuse of rationality, and more specifically of narow self-interest (they are not the same as we will see next time) as a fundamental belief and not as an approximation to reality. That is precisely why that girl that I mentioned in my previous post in this series thought that Economics was hideous; or why journalists, like Adam Curtis, like to portray economists (and economics students, by extension) as sociopaths. But what should concern us is that any economist willing to make the leap from assumption to beliefs is doomed to do wrong and potentially dangerous economic analysis.
What good economists think is that the assumption of rationality can be a very powerful tool in explaining behaviour. It is a simplification, of course, but without simplifications, no theory has any explanatory power. In that respect, I would like to mention a short story by the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges (in the photo above). In On Rigour in Science, Borges told the story of an empire, whose scientists, after generations, build a map of the kingdom in 1:1 scale. The map was a totally accurate description of reality. But what would be the use of such a map? Absolutely none. The assumption of rationality, Economics in itself, is a map of human and social phenomena. There may be some maps better than others, and we should strive to improve the ones we have, but without them, we will certainly get lost.
I think that the main reason for this is that they are confounding an assumption with an ontological proposition about human nature. Economists do not postulate that people are always rational. Nor that humans are only selfish or materialistic or care only about money. In this post I would like to clarify that rationality is just that, an assumption. In the next one, I will explain why it is not as stupid as journalists relish so much to say.
In "The Methodology of Positive Economics," the leading chapter of Essays in Positive Economics (1953), Milton Friedman argued that it is not important whether humans are actually rational or not. What is important is whether they behave like rational beings, so the rationality assumption can be used fruitfully to explain behaviour. He made the analogy with the study of how leaves locate in the branches of trees. The tree may not truly grow them to maximize exposure to sunlight, but if they behave as if it did, then it is a powerful assumption to make in our study of trees. That is the principle that should guide us in the use of the rationality assumption.
It is true that sometimes economists have jumped into the void of wishful thinking, and postulated that human nature (in case such a thing exists) corresponds to the one of a rational, narrowly-minded, materialistic being. Many market-triumphalists have done that (not Friedman, interestingly enough), and policy prescriptions sometimes have suffered from an abuse of rationality, and more specifically of narow self-interest (they are not the same as we will see next time) as a fundamental belief and not as an approximation to reality. That is precisely why that girl that I mentioned in my previous post in this series thought that Economics was hideous; or why journalists, like Adam Curtis, like to portray economists (and economics students, by extension) as sociopaths. But what should concern us is that any economist willing to make the leap from assumption to beliefs is doomed to do wrong and potentially dangerous economic analysis.
What good economists think is that the assumption of rationality can be a very powerful tool in explaining behaviour. It is a simplification, of course, but without simplifications, no theory has any explanatory power. In that respect, I would like to mention a short story by the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges (in the photo above). In On Rigour in Science, Borges told the story of an empire, whose scientists, after generations, build a map of the kingdom in 1:1 scale. The map was a totally accurate description of reality. But what would be the use of such a map? Absolutely none. The assumption of rationality, Economics in itself, is a map of human and social phenomena. There may be some maps better than others, and we should strive to improve the ones we have, but without them, we will certainly get lost.
(To be continued).
Monday, 5 October 2009
The Love Of Money
In the discussion panel on the Credit crunch, organized by the Economics Society about a year ago, my colleague Sevi Rodriguez-Mora pointed out, quite rightly, that most of what we could say about the crisis was just to descibe its chronology. At that moment, it was not very clear what caused it, and to some extent, that it is still the case (many entries in this blog has focused on this topic). The recent three-part BBC documentary The Love of Money illustrates perfectly this problem. Two of its parts ("The bank that bust the world" and "Back from the brink") recount the events that preceded and followed the fall of Lehman Brothers on 15th September 2008, widely considered as the starting point of the crisis. That "journalistic" narrative is interesting to a certain extent, but ultimately unsatisfactory to any economist who wants to understand the actual causes of the crisis.
The middle part of the programme, "The Age of Risk", does a much better job at uncovering the causes of the financial meltdown we experienced a year ago. According to it, its main culprit was Alan Greenspan. In the documentary, his career from just an unknown economists to head of the Federal Reserve is paralleled to the rise of the belief on self-regulating markets. The last five minutes of the programme are especially revealing. There, a tired and defeated Greenspan confesses that he still does not understand what went wrong. His surprise and disbelief is, at the same time, very telling, and very moving. It is probably the highlight of this interesting programme.
The website for the programme is here. You can watch each individual episode just by clicking on the links above. And then answer, is Greenspan to blame?
The middle part of the programme, "The Age of Risk", does a much better job at uncovering the causes of the financial meltdown we experienced a year ago. According to it, its main culprit was Alan Greenspan. In the documentary, his career from just an unknown economists to head of the Federal Reserve is paralleled to the rise of the belief on self-regulating markets. The last five minutes of the programme are especially revealing. There, a tired and defeated Greenspan confesses that he still does not understand what went wrong. His surprise and disbelief is, at the same time, very telling, and very moving. It is probably the highlight of this interesting programme.
The website for the programme is here. You can watch each individual episode just by clicking on the links above. And then answer, is Greenspan to blame?
Thursday, 1 October 2009
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